Replacement metal gate including dielectric gate material

ABSTRACT

A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming at least one semiconductor fin on a semiconductor substrate. A plurality of gate formation layers is formed on an etch stop layer disposed on the fin. The plurality of gate formation layers include a dummy gate layer formed from a dielectric material. The plurality of gate formation layers is patterned to form a plurality of dummy gate elements on the etch stop layer. Each dummy gate element is formed from the dielectric material. A spacer layer formed on the dummy gate elements is etched to form a spacer on each sidewall of dummy gate elements. A portion of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element is etched to expose a portion the semiconductor fin. A semiconductor material is epitaxially grown from the exposed portion of the semiconductor fin to form source/drain regions.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to semiconductor device fabrication, and in particular, to a replacement metal gate process.

A replacement metal gate (RMG) process, i.e., a gate last process, has been traditionally used in semiconductor fabrications processes to form a semiconductor device including one or more gate elements 102 that wrap around on one or more semiconductor fins 104. The gate elements 102 typically extend in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the semiconductor fins 104 as illustrated in FIG. 1. The RMG process utilizes a dummy gate element formed from amorphous silicon (a-Si) or polysilicon (PC), which is ultimately replaced with a metal gate element as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art. However, the silicon material of the dummy gate element may be exposed when recessing the spacers formed on the sidewalls of the dummy gate element. Consequently, epitaxial material may be inadvertently grown on the exposed silicon of the dummy gate element which may result in a short between the epitaxially grown source/drain regions and the epitaxial material grown on the gate element.

SUMMARY

According to at least one embodiment a method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprises forming at least one semiconductor fin on a semiconductor substrate. A plurality of gate formation layers is formed on an etch stop layer that is formed on one or more of the semiconductor fins. The plurality of gate formation layers include a dummy gate layer formed from a dielectric material. The plurality of gate formation layers is patterned to form a plurality of dummy gate elements on the etch stop layer. Each dummy gate element is formed from the dielectric material. A spacer layer formed on the dummy gate elements is etched to form a spacer on each sidewall of dummy gate elements. A portion of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element is etched to expose a portion the semiconductor fin. A semiconductor material is epitaxially grown from the exposed portion of the semiconductor fin to form source/drain regions.

According to another exemplary embodiment, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device comprises forming at least one semiconductor fin on a semiconductor substrate. The at least one semiconductor fin includes an etch stop layer formed on an upper surface thereof. The method further comprises forming a plurality of dummy gate elements on the etch stop layer. Each dummy gate element is formed from a dielectric material and has a hardmask gate cap formed on an upper surface thereof. The method further comprises depositing a high-dielectric layer that conforms to an outer surface of each dummy gate element. A spacer layer is deposited on the high-dielectric layer. The method further comprises performing a first etching process that etches the spacer layer to form a spacer on each sidewall of dummy gate elements and exposes an upper portion of the high-dielectric layer. The method further comprises performing a second etching process that is different from the first etching process that selectively etches the upper portion of the high-dielectric layer to expose each hardmask gate cap. The method further comprises removing the hardmask gate caps and the dummy gate elements to form a trench between a respective pair of spacers. The method further comprises performing a third etching process after removing the dummy gates elements to remove a portion of the high-dielectric material from the sidewalls of the spacers such that a remaining portion of the high-dielectric material is interposed between the spacers and the etch stop layer.

Additional features are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention. For a better understanding of the invention with the features, refer to the description and to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The forgoing features are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a conventional array of semiconductor fins having gate elements formed thereon;

FIG. 2A is block diagram of a starting substrate including a plurality of gate formation layers formed on a semiconductor fin according to a first orientation extending along a Y-axis to define a length;

FIG. 2B illustrates the starting substrate of FIG. 2A according to a second orientation showing the gate formation layers formed on a plurality of semiconductor fins and extending along an X-axis to define a width;

FIG. 3A illustrates the substrate of FIGS. 2A-2B according to the first orientation following patterning of a photoresist layer;

FIG. 3B illustrates the substrate of FIG. 3A according to the second orientation;

FIG. 4A illustrates the substrate of FIGS. 3A-3B according to the first orientation following etching of an optical planar layer and hardmask layer to form individual hardmask gate caps;

FIG. 4B illustrates the substrate of FIG. 4A according to the second orientation;

FIG. 5A illustrates the substrate of FIGS. 4A-4B according to the first orientation after etching dummy gate layer according to the patterned hardmask layer to form individual dummy gate elements;

FIG. 5B illustrates the substrate of FIG. 5A according to the second orientation;

FIG. 6 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 5A following deposition of a conformal spacer layer on sidewalls of the dummy gates elements, gate caps, and on exposed surfaces of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element;

FIG. 7 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 6 following an etching process that partially etches the spacer layer formed on the dummy gate element and that removes the spacer layer formed on the etch stop layer;

FIG. 8 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 7 following a pre-clean process that removes a portion of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element to expose a portion of the underlying semiconductor fin;

FIG. 9 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 8 following an epitaxial growth process that grows an epitaxial material on the exposed portion of the semiconductor fin located between the dummy gate elements;

FIG. 10 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 9 following deposition of a block dielectric layer that fills the region between the dummy gate elements and that covers the gate caps;

FIG. 11 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 10 following a planarization process that recesses the block dielectric layer and a portion of the spacer layer to expose the dummy gate elements;

FIG. 12 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 11 following removal of the dummy gate elements to form respective gate trenches;

FIG. 13 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 12 following a high-dielectric layer deposition and work function metal filling process that fills the trenches with a gate metal to form respective metal gate elements;

FIG. 14 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure where a conformal high-dielectric layer is deposited on sidewalls of the dummy gates elements, gate caps, and on exposed surfaces of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element, and a conformal spacer layer is formed on an upper surface of the high-dielectric layer;

FIG. 15 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 14 following an etching process that partially removes the spacer layer formed on the etch stop layer and that etches the spacer layer formed on the dummy gate element to expose an upper portion of the high-dielectric layer;

FIG. 16 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 15 following an etching process that removes an upper portion of the high-dielectric layer;

FIG. 17 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 16 following a planarization process that recesses a block dielectric layer and gate caps to expose the dummy gate elements;

FIG. 18 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 17 following removal of the dummy gate elements to form respective gate trenches and to expose the high-dielectric layer formed on sidewalls of the trenches;

FIG. 19 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 18 following an etching process that removes the high-dielectric layer formed on sidewalls of the trenches; and

FIG. 20 illustrates the substrate of FIG. 19 following a high-dielectric layer deposition and work function metal filling process that fills the trenches with a gate metal to form respective metal gate elements.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference now to FIGS. 2A-2B, a starting semiconductor substrate 200 including a plurality of gate formation layers formed on one or more semiconductor fins 202 is illustrated according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The substrate 200 extends along an X-axis to define a width and a Y-axis to define a length. The semiconductor fins 202 may be formed on a buried oxide (BOX) layer 204 formed on the substrate 200. It is appreciated, however, that the semiconductor fins 202 may be formed on a bulk semiconductor layer of the substrate 200. An etch stop layer 206 may be formed on an upper surface of the semiconductor fins 202. The BOX layer and the etch stop layer may be formed from a dielectric material including, but not limited to, silicon oxide (SiO₂). Although a finFET semiconductor device is described going forward, it is appreciated that the inventive teachings described herein may be applied to various other semiconductor topologies including, but not limited to, a planar semiconductor device, and a nanowire semiconductor device.

The gate formation layers are formed on an upper surface of the etch stop layer 206 formed on each semiconductor fin 202. The plurality of gate formation layers include, for example, a dummy gate dielectric layer 208, a gate hardmask layer 210, an optical planar layer (OPL) 212, an anti-reflective coating (ARC) layer 214, and a photoresist layer 216. Although not illustrated, The ARC layer 214 may be replaced with a silicon oxide layer.

The dummy gate dielectric layer 208 may be formed directly on an upper surface of the etch stop layer 206, for example. Unlike a conventional replacement metal gate (RMG) process, the dummy gate dielectric layer 208 is formed from a dielectric material instead of amorphous silicon (Si) or polysilicon (PC). The dummy gate dielectric layer 208 may be formed from various materials including, but not limited to, boron carbide (BC), a silicon boron carbide material that contains nitrogen (i.e., SiB:C(N)), carbon (C), compressed carbon, and SiO₂. Therefore, at least one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may prevent inadvertent epitaxially growth on exposed portions of the dummy gate element (described below). Accordingly, shorting between epitaxially grown source-drain regions and the dummy gate element may be prevented.

The gate hardmask layer 210 is stacked on the dummy gate dielectric layer 208 and may be formed from various materials including, but not limited to, silicon nitride (SiN) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂). The OPL 212 is stacked on the gate hardmask layer 210 to form a planarized upper surface. The OPL 212 may be formed from an organic dielectric layer (ODL) material including, but not limited to, amorphous carbon, CHM701B, commercially available from Cheil Chemical Co., Ltd., HM8006 and HM8014, commercially available from JSR Corporation, and ODL-102, commercially available from ShinEtsu Chemical, Co., Ltd.

The SiARC layer 214 is stacked on the OPL 212 and may comprise Si, for example, to form a silicon-containing ARC (SiARC) layer as described going forward. The photoresist layer 216 may be deposited according to a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art.

Referring to FIGS. 3A-3B, the photoresist layer 216 is patterned to form one or more individual gate resist elements 218. The gate resist elements 218 ultimately determine the pattern of respective dummy gate elements to be formed on the substrate 200 as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art. The stacked arrangement of the photoresist layer 216, the SiARC layer 214 and the OPL 212 may form a multilayer element (e.g., a trilateral element) such that a trilayer resist (TLR) patterning scheme may be performed that forms one or more dummy gate elements.

According to at least embodiment, the TLR pattering scheme comprises, for example, patterning the photoresist layer 216 using lithography and trimming, performing first a reactive ion etching (RIE) plasma process to etch through the SiARC layer 214 utilizing the patterned photoresist layer 216 (i.e., the gate resist elements 218) as a first pattern mask where a portion of the photoresist layer 216 is consumed during the during first etching, performing a second etching process to etch the ODL utilizing the patterned SiARC layer 214 as a second pattern mask where the photoresist layer 216 is completely consumed during the second etching, performing a third etching process to remove (e.g., burn-off) the SiARC layer 214, performing a fourth etching process to etch the gate hardmask layer 210 utilizing the etched ODL as a third pattern mask where a portion of the gate hardmask layer 210 is removed during the third etching such that individual hardmask gate caps 220 are formed on the dummy gate dielectric layer 208, and stripping the etched ODL using an RIE or wet cleaning process to form one or more individual hardmask gate caps 220 on the dummy gate dielectric layer 208 as illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4B. Accordingly, the pattern of the photoresist layer 216 may be transferred to the gate hardmask layer 210 for ultimately forming the pattern of dummy gate elements as discussed in greater detail below

Referring to FIGS. 5A-5B, the dummy gate dielectric layer 208 is patterned according to the patterned gate hardmask layer 210 (i.e., the hardmask gate caps 220) to form individual dummy gate elements 222. The dummy gate dielectric layer 208 may be etched using a reactive ion etching (RIE) process as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art. Accordingly, one or more individual dummy gate elements 222 are formed that wrap around one or more semiconductor fins 202.

Turning now to FIG. 6, a conformal spacer layer 224 is deposited on sidewalls of the dummy gates elements 222, hardmask gate caps 220, and on exposed surfaces of the etch stop layer 206 located between each dummy gate element 222. The conformal spacer layer 224 may be formed from, for example, silicon nitride (SiN).

Referring to FIG. 7, the spacer layer 224 formed on the dummy gate element 222 is partially etched such that spacers 226 are formed on sidewalls of the dummy gate element 222. Various etching processes may be used to etch the spacer layer 224 including, but not limited to, RIE. A portion of the spacer layer 224 formed on the hardmask gate cap 220 may also be removed such that the underlying gate cap 220 is exposed as further illustrated in FIG. 7.

Referring to FIG. 8, a pre-clean process is performed that removes a portion of the etch stop layer 206 located between each dummy gate element 222. Accordingly, a cavity 228 is formed between each dummy gate element 222, which exposes a portion of the underlying semiconductor fin 202. The pre-clean process may be performed using a hydrogen fluoride (HF) based wet clean process, or a dry etching process that uses remote plasma that reacts with the etch stop layer 206, while being selective to the spacers 226.

Turning now to FIG. 9, an epitaxial growth process is performed that grows an epitaxial semiconductor material 230 on the exposed portion of the semiconductor fin 202 located between the dummy gate elements 222. Well-known processes used to epitaxially grow an epitaxial semiconductor material 230 including, but not limited to, silicon doped with germanium (Ge), carbon (C), and phosphorus (P), or any dopants desired to lower external resistance for forming a source/drain region. The epitaxial semiconductor material 230 may be grown from a portion of the semiconductor fin 202 exposed by a respective cavity 228 and may extend therefrom to contact the sidewalls of a pair of opposing spacers 226 to form one or more source/drain regions.

Referring to FIG. 10, a contact dielectric layer 232 is deposited on the hardmask gate caps 220 and in the voids between the dummy gate elements 222. The contact dielectric layer 232 may also contact one or more source/drain regions of one or more semiconductor fins 202. Various methods may be used to deposit the contact dielectric layer 232 including, but not limited to, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). The contact dielectric layer 232 may be formed from various materials including, but not limited to, SiO₂.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a planarization process is performed, which partially recesses the contact dielectric layer 232 and a portion of the spacer layer 224 to expose the dummy gate elements 222. The planarization process may stop on the upper surface of the dummy gate elements 222 such that the upper surface of the contact dielectric layer 232 is flush with the upper surfaces of the dummy gate elements 222.

Turning to FIG. 12, the dummy gate elements 222 are removed according to a replacement metal gate (RMG) process as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art. For example, the dummy gate elements 222 may be removed using an RIE process or a wet etching process. Accordingly, gate trenches 234 that expose the underlying etch stop layer 206 of the semiconductor fin 202 are formed between a respective pair of spacers 226. According to at least one embodiment, an anneal process may be performed after removing the dummy gate elements 222 to activate the dopants of the source/drain regions. The anneal process may generate a temperature of approximately 900 degrees Celsius (C) or higher, for example.

Referring to FIG. 13, a metal filling process is performed that fills the trenches with a gate metal to form respective metal gate elements 236. The gate metal may include various metal materials including, but not limited to, tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), Niobium (Nb), rhenium (Rh), aluminum (Al), tungsten nitride (WN), titanium nitride (TiN) and tantalum nitride (TaN). According to this exemplary embodiment, each metal may contact a respective pair of spacers 226 and a respective etch stop layer 206. In another embodiment, one or more work function metal (WFM) layers may be deposited in the trenches 234 and formed on the sidewalls of the spacers 226 before filling the trenches 234 with the metal gate material. The WFM layer may tune the threshold voltage of a resulting semiconductor device as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art.

Turning now to FIGS. 14-20, a process flow that interposes a high-dielectric constant layer 238 (i.e., a high-k layer 238) between the spacers 226 and the sidewalls of each dummy gate element 222 is illustrated according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. In this regard, FIG. 14 illustrates a conformal high-k layer 238 interposed between a conformal spacer layer 224 and the dummy gate elements 222. The conformal high-k layer 238 may first be deposited on sidewalls of the dummy gates elements 222, hardmask gate caps 220, and exposed surfaces of the etch stop layer 206 located between each dummy gate element 222. The high-k layer 238 may be formed from various high-k materials including, but not limited to, hafnium oxide (HfO₂). The conformal spacer layer 224 may then be formed on an upper surface of the high-k layer 238. The conformal spacer layer 224 may be formed from, for example, SiN.

Referring to FIG. 15, an etching process is performed that partially removes the spacer layer 224 formed on the etch stop layer 206 and that etches the spacer layer 224 formed on the dummy gate element 222. Accordingly, an upper portion of the high-k layer 238 is exposed.

Referring to FIG. 16, a second etching process, such as a carina etch for example, is performed that removes the exposed upper portion of the high-k layer 238. The carina etch is selective to the spacer layer 224 such that the high-k layer 238 is removed while the spacer layer 224 is maintained. Accordingly, an upper portion of the underlying hardmask gate cap 220 is exposed.

Referring to FIG. 17, a planarization process that partially recesses a contact dielectric layer 232 is performed which exposes an upper portion of the dummy gate elements 222. The contact dielectric layer 232 is formed as previously discussed above. The planarization process may stop on the upper surface of the dummy gate elements 222 such that the upper surface of the contact dielectric layer 232 is flush with the upper surfaces of the dummy gate elements 222.

Referring now to FIG. 18, the dummy gate elements 222 are removed according to a replacement metal gate (RMG) process as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art. For example, an RIE process or a wet etching process may be used to remove the dummy gate elements 222. Accordingly, gate trenches 234 are formed that expose portions of the underlying etch stop layer 206 located between the remaining high-k layer 238 formed on sidewalls of the spacers 226.

Referring to FIG. 19, an etching process is performed that removes portions of the high-k layer 238 from the sidewalls of the spacers 226 such that the length of each trench 234 increases. Various etchings process may be used to remove the high-k layer 238 including, but not limited to, a carina etch. As illustrated in FIG. 19, for example, a portion of the high-k layer 238′ may be maintained between the spacer 226 and the etch stop layer 206, while the trench 234 exposes a portion of the etch stop layer 206 located between the spacers 226. Although not illustrated, at least one exemplary embodiment of the present teachings utilizes the high-k layer 238 as a gate oxide layer. In this regard, the properties of the high-k layer 238 may change during the dummy gate pull process to affect work function properties. For purpose of gate work function control, the high-k layer 238 may be best used as a sacrificial layer and may be omitted at FIG. 19, and deposited as a high-k gate oxide layer before performing a metal filling process described below. Accordingly, process of removing portions of the high-k layer 238 from the sidewalls is optional and may be skipped at this stage of the exemplary process flow.

Turning now to FIG. 20, a metal filling process is performed that fills the trenches 234 with a gate metal to form respective metal gate elements 236. The gate metal may include various metal materials including, but not limited to, tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), Niobium (Nb), rhenium (Rh), aluminum (Al), tungsten nitride (WN), titanium nitride (TiN) and tantalum nitride (TaN). According to this exemplary embodiment, the metal gate elements 236 may contact the spacers 226, the remaining high-k material, and the etch stop layer 206. As discussed above, a high-k layer 238 for forming a gate oxide layer may be deposited in the trenches 234 before depositing the gate metal in the trenches 234.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. The method begins at operation 2100, and proceeds to operation 2102 where a plurality of gate formation layers are formed on one or more semiconductor fins. The semiconductor fins are formed on a semiconductor substrate as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art. At operation 2104, the plurality of gate formation layers are etched such that a one or more hardmask gate caps are patterned atop a dummy gate dielectric layer. A trilayer resist (TLR) patterning scheme may be used to etch the gate formation layer, for example. At operation 2106, the dummy gate dielectric layer is etched to form one or more dummy gate elements having a respective hardmask gate cap formed on an upper surface thereof. The pattern of the one or more gate elements may be based on a pattern of the one or more hardmask gate caps previously formed atop the dummy gate dielectric layer. At operation 2108, a conformal spacer layer is deposited on sidewalls of the dummy gates elements, the gate caps, and on the exposed surfaces of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element. According to another exemplary embodiment, a conformal high-k layer may be deposited on sidewalls of the dummy gates elements, the gate caps, and on the exposed surfaces of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element. Thereafter, the conformal spacer layer is deposited on top of the high-k layer. In this regard, the high-k layer is interposed between the dummy gate elements and the spacer layer.

Turning to operation 2110, the spacer layer formed on the dummy gate element is partially etched such that the spacers are formed on the sidewalls of the dummy gate element and a portion of the underlying gate cap is exposed. At operation 2112, a pre-clean process is performed that removes a portion of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element. Accordingly, a portion of the underlying semiconductor fin located between each dummy gate element is exposed. At operation 2114, an epitaxial material is grown on the exposed portion of the semiconductor fin located between the dummy gate elements. At operation 2116, a contact dielectric layer is deposited on the gate caps and in the voids between the dummy gate elements. At operation 2118, a portion of contact dielectric layer and a portion of the spacers are recessed using, for example, a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process. The planarization process may stop on the upper surface of the dummy gate elements such that the upper surface of the contact dielectric layer is flush with the upper surfaces of the dummy gate elements. At operation 2120, the dummy gate elements are removed according to a replacement metal gate (RMG) process as understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art. For example, a wet etching process or RIE process may be used to remove the dummy gate elements. Accordingly, gate trenches that expose the underlying etch stop layer are formed between a respective pair of spacers. At operation 2122, the trenches are filled with a metal gate material to form respective metal gate elements, and the method ends at operation 2124.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the inventive teachings and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

The flow diagrams depicted herein are just one example. There may be many variations to this diagram or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the operations may be performed in a differing order or operations may be added, deleted or modified. All of these variations are considered a part of the claimed invention.

While various embodiments have been described, it will be understood that those skilled in the art, both now and in the future, may make various modifications which fall within the scope of the claims which follow. These claims should be construed to maintain the proper protection for the invention first described. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming at least one semiconductor fin on a semiconductor substrate; forming an etch stop layer on an upper surface of the at least one semiconductor fin; forming a plurality of gate formation layers on the etch stop layer and the substrate, the plurality of gate formation layers including a dummy gate layer formed from a dielectric material; patterning the plurality of gate formation layers to form a plurality of dummy gate elements on the etch stop layer, each dummy gate element formed from the dielectric material; depositing a spacer layer that conforms with an outer surface of each dummy gate element; and etching the spacer layer to form a spacer on each sidewall of the dummy gate elements and etching a portion of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element to expose a portion of the semiconductor fin.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising epitaxially growing a semiconductor material from the exposed portion of the semiconductor fin after etching the spacer layer and the portion of the etch stop layer.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the dummy gate element is formed from a material selected from a group comprising of boron carbide (BC), carbon (C), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and a silicon boron carbide material that contains nitrogen (SiB:C(N)).
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the patterning the plurality of gate formation layers includes patterning a photoresist layer to form a plurality of photoresist elements at a top surface of the plurality of gate formation layers.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the patterning the plurality of gate formation layers further includes patterning a gate hardmask layer formed on an upper surface of the dummy gate layer according to the plurality of photoresist elements to form a plurality of respective gate caps on the dummy gate layer.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the patterning the plurality of gate formation layers further includes patterning the dummy gate layer according to the plurality of gate caps to form the plurality of dummy gate elements.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the patterning the plurality of gate formation layers is performed according to a trilayer resist patterning scheme.
 8. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming at least one semiconductor fin on a semiconductor substrate; forming an etch stop layer on an upper surface of the at least one semiconductor fin; patterning a photoresist layer to form a plurality of photoresist elements above a dummy gate layer that is formed from a dielectric material; patterning the dummy gate layer using the plurality of photoresist elements to form plurality of respective dummy gate elements on the etch stop layer, each dummy gate element formed from the dielectric material; depositing a spacer layer that conforms to an outer surface of each dummy gate element; etching the spacer layer to form a spacer on each sidewall of the dummy gate elements; and etching a portion of the etch stop layer located between each dummy gate element to expose a portion of the semiconductor fins.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the etching a portion of the etch stop layer includes performing a pre-clean process after etching the spacer layer, the pre-clean process forming cavities in the etch stop layer located between the dummy gate elements to expose an underlying portion of the at least one semiconductor fin.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising epitaxially growing semiconductor material from the cavities such that a portion of the epitaxially grown semiconductor material contacts a pair of opposing spacers to form a source/drain region.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising depositing a contact dielectric layer that fills a void between the spacers and covers an upper portion of the dummy gate elements.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising performing a planarization process that partially recesses the contact dielectric layer and stops on the dummy gate elements such that an upper portion of the dummy gate elements is flush with the contact dielectric layer.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising removing the dummy gate elements to form respective trenches between a pair of respective spacers.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising filling each trench with a metal gate material to form a respective metal gate element.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising a plurality of gate formation layers formed on an upper surface of the dummy gate layer, the plurality of gate formation layers including a hardmask layer formed on a gate hardmask layer formed on an upper surface of the dummy gate layer, and an organic layer interposed between the hardmask layer and the photoresist layer.
 16. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, the method comprising: forming at least one semiconductor fin on a semiconductor substrate; forming an etch stop layer on an upper surface of the at least one semiconductor fin; forming a plurality of dummy gate elements on the etch stop layer, each dummy gate element formed from a dielectric material and having a hardmask gate cap formed on an upper surface of the semiconductor fin; depositing a high-dielectric constant layer that conforms to an outer surface of each dummy gate element and depositing a spacer layer on the high-dielectric constant layer; performing a first etching process that etches the spacer layer to form a spacer on each sidewall of dummy gate elements and exposes an upper portion of the high-dielectric constant layer; performing a second etching process different from the first etching process that selectively etches the upper portion of the high-dielectric constant layer to expose each hardmask gate cap; removing the hardmask gate caps and the dummy gate elements to form a trench between a respective pair of spacers; and performing a third etching process after removing the dummy gates elements to remove a portion of the high-dielectric constant material from the sidewalls of the spacers such that a remaining portion of the high-dielectric constant material is interposed between the spacers and the etch stop layer.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising performing a planarization process before removing the dummy gate elements to recess the hardmask gate cap such that an upper portion of the dummy gate elements is exposed.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the dummy gate element is formed from a material selected from a group comprising of boron carbide (BC), carbon (C), silicon dioxide (SiO₂), and a silicon boron carbide material that contains nitrogen (SiB:C(N)).
 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising depositing a gate material in the trenches to form a metal gate element that contacts the spacers, the remaining portion of high-dielectric constant material and the etch stop layer.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first etching process is a reactive ion etching process, the second etching process is a carina etching process, and the third etching process is a carina etching process. 